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Understanding the Signs and Symptoms of Oesophageal Cancer Oesophageal cancer is a type of cancer caused by a malignant tumour found within your oesophagus, which is the long and hollow tube that connects the mouth to the digestive system. This condition can be broadly categorised into squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma – although there are other, rarer forms of this cancer – both of which affect the cells lining the oesophagus.