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Sore gums can result from plaque buildup, brushing too hard, gum disease, canker sores, hormonal changes, or irritation from food and dental appliances. Common symptoms include tenderness, redness, swelling, and bleeding while brushing or flossing. Gentle brushing with a soft-bristled toothbrush, flossing carefully, and rinsing with warm salt water may help ease discomfort. If your sore gums last more than two weeks or are accompanied by severe pain or swelling, it's important to see a dentist for evaluation and treatment.