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Bumps on the tongue are common and are often harmless, but they can sometimes signal irritation, infection, allergies, or other oral health concerns. Small painful bumps may result from inflamed papillae, canker sores, stress, spicy foods, or minor injuries. In some cases, persistent bumps may indicate oral thrush, viral infections, or more serious conditions. Maintaining good oral hygiene and seeking dental care for bumps that last more than two weeks can help protect your oral health.