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Steel pipe manufacturers commonly use the JCOE method for LSAW: pressing a flat steel plate into J-shape, then C-shape, and finally O-shape (a full cylinder). Before the expansion of the pipeline, the weld seam is welded by submerged arc welding to form a joint as strong as the parent metal to ensure uniform diameter, roundness and stress relief. The LSAW pipe produced by this process has smooth surface, uniform wall thickness and high strength, and is an ideal choice for thick-walled and large-diameter pipe. https://alllandpipes.com/product/allland-steel-pipe/lsaw-steel-pipe.html