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The late 19th century was a period of profound transformation for South Africa. Between the diamond rush in Kimberley in 1870 and the conclusion of the South African War in 1902, the region underwent a dramatic shift from agrarian societies to a bustling hub of urbanization and industrialization. The discovery of vast diamond reserves and the world’s largest gold fields on the Witwatersrand fuelled a capitalist mining industry that reshaped South Africa’s economic, political, and social landscapes.