What is colorectal carcinoma?

Colon and rectal cancers are caused by an abnormal process in the replacement of colon lining cells. Cell division errors are common. Sometimes, mistakes in cell division can occur for reasons not fully understood. These cells can begin to grow and divide without the help of the normal checks that regulate growth. These abnormal cells can cause colon growths called polyps. Although polyps can take many forms, most are precancerous cancers that develop slowly over time and don't spread. Additional genetic mutations can further destabilize cells as polyps grow. These precancerous tumors can grow into the tube wall rather than the space between it and invade other layers of the large intestine, such as the submucosa (or muscular layer). This is known as a cancerous precancerous polyp. This slow process can take between eight and ten years for the early aberrant cells of precancerous polyps to become a frank form of cancer. Adenocarcinoma is a type of colorectal cancer that has developed in certain types of lining tissues.

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Colorectal cancer can grow in two ways once it has formed. Cancer can spread through the walls of the intestine to invade nearby structures. This makes the primary tumor (or localized) more difficult to remove. Additional symptoms include pain, fullness, perforation, or blockages to the colon or other nearby structures. Second, metastasis is when cancer cells begin to spread. They shed thousands of cells per day into the bloodstream and lymphatic system, which can lead to cancers in distant areas. Most colorectal cancers spread to local lymph nodes first before spreading to distant organs. Metastatic spread is most likely to occur once lymph nodes have been involved in the local area. The liver, abdominal cavity, and lung are the next most frequent destinations.

The third most common form of cancer in the United States is colorectal cancer. It affects both men and women. It is the eighth most common cancer, affecting over 135,000 people each year. At some point in our lives, 4.3% of all people will be diagnosed as having rectum or colon cancer.

What are the risk factors for colon cancer?

Colorectal cancer cannot be transmitted from cancer patients, according to health care professionals. Certain people are more susceptible to colorectal carcinoma than others. The risk factors for colorectal carcinoma include an increase in age, African-American heritage, high fat intake, family history of colorectal disease and polyps, large intestine polyps, and chronic ulcerative colitis.

Age
Colorectal cancer is most commonly linked to increasing age. About 90% of colorectal carcinomas are diagnosed in patients over 50.

Race
Colorectal cancer is more common in African Americans than in other races.

Colorectal and diet cancer
Numerous research studies have shown that high-fat diets can increase the risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. The population consumes more fat in countries that have high rates of colorectal cancer than those with lower rates. The formation of cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) is thought to be caused by the way fat is digested in the small intestine or colon. Research also shows that diets rich in vegetables and high-fiber foods like whole-grain bread, cereals, and pasta produce fewer carcinogens. Both of these effects could help lower the risk of developing cancer.

Colon polyps, colorectal cancer, and colon polyps
Research has shown that the majority of colorectal cancers are caused by colorectal polyps. Colorectal cancer can be prevented by removing precancerous (but benign) colorectal tumors. Adenomatous polyps, which are precancerous colorectal tumors, are the most common name. These polyps develop from chromosomal damage to the cells of the inner layer of the colon. Although abnormal cells are formed from the damage, they have not yet been able to spread, which is the hallmark of cancer. The growing tissue is kept within the polyp. Cell growth becomes more difficult within the polyp as chromosomal damages increase. This can lead to cancerous cells spreading. Colon polyps that are initially benign can develop additional chromosome damage and become cancerous.

Colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis
Chronic ulcerative colitis can cause inflammation of the inner linings of the colon. Chronic ulcerative colitis can lead to bowel cancer. After eight to ten years of colitis, the risk of developing cancer increases. Patients with ulcerative colitis are at greater risk for developing colon cancer because of the severity and location of their disease.

Patients with a history of colon cancer, prolonged ulcerative colitis, and extensive colon involvement with ulcerative colitis are at greater risk.

Because ulcerative colitis is more likely to be detected early, it is recommended that annual colon examinations are performed after eight years of extensive disease. These examinations include the collection of tissue samples (biopsies), to check for any precancerous changes within the colon cells. If colon cancer is suspected, it may be necessary for the whole colon to be removed.

Genetics and colorectal Cancer
Colon cancer risk is affected by a person's genetic history. The risk of developing colorectal cancer is roughly doubled if a family member has been diagnosed with the disease, particularly if it was diagnosed before 55 years.

Although a history of colon carcinoma is a risk factor, the majority of colon cancers (80%) occur in patients who have never had it. A family history of colon cancer is associated with approximately 20% of all cancers.

The chromosomes are a repository of genetic information. Chromosome damage can cause genetic defects, which in turn can lead to colon polyps or colon cancer. The chromosome damage is acquired in adulthood and can lead to sporadic polyps or cancers. Only the polyps and cancers that arise from them can contain the damaged chromosomes. The chromosomal problems in hereditary colon carcinoma syndromes are passed from one parent to another and can be found in every cell of the body. Colon polyps are a common occurrence in patients who are carriers of the hereditary colon syndrome genes. They are also at high risk for developing other cancers.

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). One hereditary form of colorectal carcinoma is a condition in which the affected family members develop colon polyps. These polyps can occur at any age, but most commonly during childhood. Teenagers. FAP can lead to colon cancer if not treated promptly (treatment includes removal of the colon). By the time someone is in their 40s, cancers are almost certain to develop. Patients with FAP are at increased risk for developing cancers of the stomach, thyroid, and ampulla. This is the part of the bile drain that drains into the small intestines from the liver. FAP is caused by a mutation in the APC gene. With the right testing, most people can identify the specific mutation. This is why it is important for FAP patients and their families.

Attenuated familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP). This is a milder form of FAP. The number of colon polyps that affect affected members is less than 100. They are still at high risk for developing colon cancers in their early years. They also have a higher risk of developing gastric and duodenal polyps.

Lynch syndrome, HNPCC, and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer are both known.HNPCC is a hereditary form of colorectal carcinoma syndrome in which affected relatives can develop colon polyps or cancers in their 30s and 40s. HNPCC patients are also at high risk for developing it. Uterine cancer?Stomach cancer?Ovarian cancerCancers of the ureters (the tubes connecting the kidneys and bladder) and the bile conduits. Ironically, HNPCC patients are more likely to develop colon cancer than those with "sporadic" forms. However, these cancers can be treated more quickly than those with more frequent cases. HNPCC has been linked to specific genetic abnormalities. Patients and their families can be tested to see if HNPCC is present.

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kolorekttl kaarsinomaa kyaa hai?
bRhdaantr aur mlaashy ke kaiNsr bRhdaantr astr koshikaaoN ke prtisthaapn meN ek asaamaany prkriyaa ke kaarnn hote haiN / koshikaa vibhaajn kii truttiyaaN aam haiN / kbhii-kbhii, koshikaa vibhaajn meN gltiyaaN puurii trh se smjh meN nhiiN aane vaale kaarnnoN se ho sktii haiN / ye koshikaaeN vikaas ko niyNtrit krne vaalii saamaany jaaNc kii mdd ke binaa bddh'naa aur vibhaajit krnaa shuruu kr sktii haiN / ye asaamaany koshikaaeN poNliips naamk bRhdaantr vRddhi kaa kaarnn bn sktii haiN / haalaaNki poNliips kii ruup le skte haiN, adhikaaNsh puurvvrtii kaiNsr haiN jo smy ke saath dhiire-dhiire viksit hote haiN aur phailte nhiiN haiN / atirikt aanuvNshik utprivrtn koshikaaoN ko aur asthir kr skte haiN kyoNki poNliips bddh'te haiN / ye puurvvrtii ttyuumr iske biic kii jgh ke bjaay ttyuub kii diivaar meN viksit ho skte haiN aur bdd'ii aaNt kii any prtoN pr aakrmnn kr skte haiN, jaise ki sbmyuukosaa (yaa maaNspeshiyoN kii prt) / yh ek kaiNsr puurv kaiNsr poNliip ke ruup meN jaanaa jaataa hai / is dhiimii prkriyaa meN kaiNsr ke ek spsstt ruup bnne ke lie praarNbhik jNtu kii praarNbhik koshikaaoN ke lie aatth se ds saal lg skte haiN / eddenokaarsinomaa ek prkaar kaa kolorekttl kaiNsr hai jo kuch prkaar ke astr ke uutkoN meN viksit huaa hai /

ek baar bnne ke baad kolorekttl kaiNsr do trh se bddh' sktaa hai / kaiNsr aas-paas kii sNrcnaaoN pr aakrmnn krne ke lie aaNt kii diivaaroN ke maadhym se phail sktaa hai / yh praathmik ttyuumr (yaa sthaaniiykRt) ko httaane ke lie adhik ktthin bnaataa hai / atirikt lkssnnoN meN drd, pripuurnntaa, vedh, yaa bRhdaantr yaa any aas-paas kii sNrcnaaoN meN rukaavtt shaamil haiN / duusraa, mettaasttesis tb hotaa hai jb kaiNsr koshikaaeN phailne lgtii haiN / ve prti din hjaaroN koshikaaoN ko rktprvaah aur lsiikaa prnnaalii meN bhaate haiN, jisse duur ke kssetroN meN kaiNsr ho sktaa hai / adhikaaNsh kolorekttl kaiNsr duur ke aNgoN meN phailne se phle sthaaniiy limph nodds meN phail jaate haiN / sthaaniiy kssetr meN limph nodds shaamil hone ke baad mettaasttaittik prsaar hone kii sbse adhik sNbhaavnaa hai / ykRt, udr guhaa aur phephdd'e agle sbse lgaataar gNtvy haiN /

sNyukt raajy meN kaiNsr kaa tiisraa sbse aam ruup kolorekttl kaiNsr hai / yh purussoN aur mhilaaoN donoN ko prbhaavit krtaa hai / yh aatthvaaN sbse aam kaiNsr hai, jo hr saal 135,000 se adhik logoN ko prbhaavit krtaa hai / hmaare jiivn meN kuch biNdu pr, sbhii logoN ke 4.3% mlaashy yaa pett ke kaiNsr hone ke ruup meN nidaan kiyaa jaaegaa /

pett ke kaiNsr ke jokhim kaark kyaa haiN?

svaasthy dekhbhaal peshevroN ke anusaar, kolorekttl kaiNsr kaiNsr rogiyoN se pressit nhiiN kiyaa jaa sktaa hai / kuch log duusroN kii tulnaa meN kolorekttl kaarsinomaa ke lie atisNvednshiil hote haiN / kolorekttl kaarsinomaa ke jokhim kaarkoN meN umr meN vRddhi, aphriikii-amerikii viraast, ucc vsaa kaa sevn, kolorekttl rog aur poNliips kaa paarivaarik itihaas, bdd'ii aaNt ke poNliips aur puraanii alsrettiv kolaaittis shaamil haiN /

aayu
kolorekttl kaiNsr aamtaur pr bddh'tii umr se judd'aa hotaa hai / lgbhg 90% kolorekttl kaarsinomaa kaa nidaan 50 se adhik rogiyoN meN kiyaa jaataa hai /

res
kolorekttl kaiNsr any jaatiyoN kii tulnaa meN aphriikii amerikiyoN meN adhik aam hai /

kolorekttl aur aahaar kaiNsr
kii shodh adhyynoN se ptaa claa hai ki ucc vsaa vaale aahaar kolorekttl kaarsinomaa ke vikaas ke jokhim ko bddh'aa skte haiN / jnsNkhyaa un deshoN meN adhik vsaa kaa upbhog krtii hai jinmeN km dr vaale logoN kii tulnaa meN kolorekttl kaiNsr kii ucc dr hai / kaiNsr paidaa krne vaale rsaaynoN (kaarsinojens) kaa nirmaann chottii aaNt yaa bRhdaantr meN vsaa ke pcne ke triike ke kaarnn maanaa jaataa hai / shodh se yh bhii ptaa cltaa hai ki sbjiyoN aur ucc phaaibr vaale khaady pdaarthoN jaise saabut anaaj kii rottii, anaaj aur paastaa se bhrpuur aahaar km kaarsinojens kaa utpaadn krte haiN / ye donoN prbhaav kaiNsr ke vikaas ke jokhim ko km krne meN mdd kr skte haiN /

koln poNliips, kolorekttl kaiNsr aur koln poNliips
shodh se ptaa claa hai ki kolorekttl kaiNsr kaa adhikaaNsh hissaa kolorekttl poNliips ke kaarnn hotaa hai / kolorekttl kaiNsr ko puurvvrtii (lekin saumy) kolorekttl ttyuumr ko httaakr rokaa jaa sktaa hai / eddenometts poNliips, jo ki puurvvrtii kolorekttl ttyuumr haiN, sbse aam naam haiN / ye poNliips kromosoml kssti se bRhdaantr kii aaNtrik prt kii koshikaaoN meN viksit hote haiN / haalaaNki kssti se asaamaany koshikaaeN bntii haiN, lekin ve abhii tk phail nhiiN paaii haiN, jo kaiNsr kii phcaan hai / bddh'te uutk ko poNliip ke bhiitr rkhaa jaataa hai / kromosoml kssti meN vRddhi ke ruup meN poNliip ke bhiitr koshikaa vRddhi adhik ktthin ho jaatii hai / isse kaiNsr kii koshikaaeN phail sktii haiN / bRhdaantr poNliips jo shuruu meN saumy haiN, atirikt gunnsuutr kssti viksit kr skte haiN aur kaiNsr bn skte haiN /

kolorekttl kaiNsr aur alsrettiv kolaaittis
kronik alsrettiv kolaaittis bRhdaantr ke aaNtrik astr kii suujn paidaa kr sktaa hai / kronik alsrettiv kolaaittis se aaNtr kaiNsr ho sktaa hai / kolaaittis ke aatth se ds saal baad, kaiNsr ke vikaas kaa khtraa bddh' jaataa hai / alsrettiv kolaaittis ke rogiyoN ko pett ke kaiNsr ke vikaas ke lie adhik jokhim hotaa hai kyoNki unkii biimaarii kii gNbhiirtaa aur sthaan hotaa hai /

pett ke kaiNsr ke itihaas vaale mriijoN, lNbe smy tk alsrettiv kolaaittis, aur alsrettiv kolaaittis ke saath vyaapk bRhdaantr kii bhaagiidaarii adhik jokhim meN hai /

kyoNki alsrettiv kolaaittis kaa jldii ptaa clne kii adhik sNbhaavnaa hai, yh anushNsaa kii jaatii hai ki aatth saal kii vyaapk biimaarii ke baad vaarssik bRhdaantr priikssaaeN kii jaatii haiN / in priikssaaoN meN bRhdaantr koshikaaoN ke bhiitr kisii bhii anishcit privrtn kii jaaNc krne ke lie uutk ke nmuunoN (baayopsii) kaa sNgrh shaamil hai / ydi pett ke kaiNsr kaa sNdeh hai, to puure bRhdaantr ko nikaalnaa aavshyk ho sktaa hai /

jenettiks aur kolorekttl kaiNsr
koln kaiNsr kaa khtraa kisii vykti ke aanuvNshik itihaas se prbhaavit hotaa hai / kolorekttl kaiNsr ke vikaas kaa jokhim lgbhg dogunaa ho jaataa hai ydi privaar ke kisii sdsy ko biimaarii kaa ptaa claa hai, khaaskr agr 55 saal se phle iskaa nidaan kiyaa gyaa thaa /

ydypi bRhdaantr kaarsinomaa kaa itihaas ek jokhim kaark hai, lekin adhikaaNsh bRhdaantr kaiNsr (80%) un rogiyoN meN hote haiN jinke paas kbhii nhiiN thaa / pett ke kaiNsr kaa ek paarivaarik itihaas sbhii kaiNsr ke lgbhg 20% se judd'aa huaa hai /

gunnsuutr aanuvNshik jaankaarii kaa bhNddaar haiN / kromosom kssti aanuvNshik doss paidaa kr sktii hai, jo bdle meN koln poNliips yaa koln kaiNsr kaa kaarnn bn sktii hai / gunnsuutr kssti vysktaa meN haasil kii jaatii hai aur chittputt poNliips yaa kaiNsr kaa kaarnn bn sktii hai / kevl poNliips aur kaiNsr jo unse utpnn hote haiN, unmeN ksstigrst gunnsuutr ho skte haiN / vNshaanugt bRhdaantr kaarsinomaa siNddrom meN gunnsuutr smsyaaeN ek maataa-pitaa se duusre maataa-pitaa meN paarit kii jaatii haiN aur shriir ke prtyek koshikaa meN paaii jaa sktii haiN / bRhdaantr poNliips un rogiyoN meN ek saamaany ghttnaa hai jo vNshaanugt bRhdaantr siNddrom jiin ke vaahk haiN / ve any kaiNsr ke vikaas ke lie bhii ucc jokhim meN haiN /

paarivaarik eddinometts poliiposis (FAP). kolorekttl kaarsinomaa kaa ek vNshaanugt ruup ek aisii sthiti hai jismeN prbhaavit privaar ke sdsy bRhdaantr poNliips viksit krte haiN / ye poNliips kisii bhii umr meN ho skte haiN, lekin aamtaur pr bcpn ke dauraan / kishor / agr turNt ilaaj nhiiN kiyaa jaataa hai (upcaar meN bRhdaantr ko httaanaa shaamil hai) to phaip pett ke kaiNsr kaa kaarnn bn sktaa hai / jb tk koii apne 40 ke dshk meN hotaa hai, tb tk kaiNsr kaa vikaas lgbhg nishcit hotaa hai / ephepii vaale mriijoN ko pett, thaayroNydd aur empullaa ke kaiNsr ke vikaas kaa khtraa bddh' jaataa hai / yh pitt naalii kaa hissaa hai jo ykRt se chottii aaNtoN meN nikltaa hai / ephepii epiisii jiin meN utprivrtn ke kaarnn hotaa hai / shii priikssnn ke saath, adhikaaNsh log vishisstt utprivrtn kii phcaan kr skte haiN / yhii kaarnn hai ki yh phaip rogiyoN aur unke privaaroN ke lie mhtvpuurnn hai /

tnu paarivaarik eddinometts poliiposis (AFAP). yh phaip kaa ek maamuulii ruup hai / prbhaavit sdsyoN ko prbhaavit krne vaale koln poNliips kii sNkhyaa 100 se km hai / ve abhii bhii apne praarNbhik vrssoN meN pett ke kaiNsr ke vikaas ke lie ucc jokhim meN haiN / unheN gaisttrik aur grhnnii sNbNdhii poNliips ke vikaas kaa bhii adhik khtraa hotaa hai /

liNc siNddrom, ecenpiisiisii aur vNshaanugt gair-poNliiposis kolorekttl kaiNsr donoN jnyaat haiN / HNPCC hai ek vNshaanugt ruup se kolorekttl kaarsinomaa siNddrom meN jo prbhaavit rishtedaaroN ko viksit kr skte haiN pett ke jNtu yaa kaiNsr meN unke 30 aur 40. HNPCC rogiyoN ko bhii kr rhe haiN ucc jokhim meN ise viksit krne ke lie. grbhaashy kaa kaiNsr?pett kaa kaiNsr?ddimbgrNthi kaiNsrmuutrvaahinii ke kaiNsr (gurde aur muutraashy ko jodd'ne vaalii nlikaaeN) aur pitt naalii / viddNbnaa yh hai ki ecenpiisiisii rogiyoN ko "chittputt" ruupoN vaale logoN kii tulnaa meN koln kaiNsr viksit hone kii adhik sNbhaavnaa hai / haalaaNki, in kaiNsr kaa ilaaj adhik lgaataar maamloN vaale logoN kii tulnaa meN adhik tej'ii se kiyaa jaa sktaa hai / ecenpiisiisii ko vishisstt aanuvNshik asaamaanytaaoN se jodd'aa gyaa hai / ecenpiisiisii maujuud hai yaa nhiiN, yh dekhne ke lie mriijoN aur unke privaaroN kaa priikssnn kiyaa jaa sktaa hai /